Effects of varying solar-view geometry and canopy structure on solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and PRI

The increasing amount of continuous time series of solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and vegetation indices (e.g. Photochemical Reflectance Index, PRI) acquired with high temporal (sub-minute) frequencies is foreseen to allow tracking of the structural and physiological changes of vegetation in a variety of ecosystems. Coupled with observations of CO2, water, and energy fluxes from eddy covariance flux towers, these measurements can bring new insights into the remote monitoring of ecosystem functioning. However, continuously changing solar-view geometry imposes directional effects on diurnal cycles of the fluorescence radiance in the observation direction (F) and PRI, controlled by structural and biochemical vegetation properties. An improved understanding of these variations can potentially help to disentangle directional responses of vegetation from physiological ones in the continuous long-term optical measurements and, therefore, allow to deconvolve the physiological information relevant to ecosystem functioning. Moreover, this will also be useful for better interpreting and validating F and PRI satellite products (e.g., from the upcoming ESA FLEX mission). Many previous studies focused on the characterization of reflectance directionality, but only a handful of studies investigated directional effects on F and vegetation indices related to plant physiology. The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of red (F-687) and far-red (F-760) fluorescence and PRI anisotropy based on field spectroscopy data and simulations with the Soil-Canopy Observation of Photochemistry and Energy fluxes (SCOPE) model. We present an extensive dataset of multi-angular measurements of F and PRI collected at canopy level with a high-resolution instrument (FloX, JB Hyperspectral Devices UG, Germany) over different ecosystems: Mediterranean grassland, alfalfa, chickpea and rice. We found, that F760 and F687 directional responses of horizontally homogeneous canopies are characterized by higher values in the backscatter direction with a maximum in the hotspot and lower values in the forward scatter direction. The PRI exhibited similar response due to its sensitivity to sunlit-shaded canopy fractions. As confirmed by radiative transfer forward simulations, we show that in the field measurements leaf inclination distribution function controls the shape of F and PRI anisotropic response (bowl-like/dome-like shapes), while leaf area index and the ratio of leaf width to canopy height affect the magnitude and the width of the hotspot. Finally, we discuss the implications of off-nadir viewing geometry for continuous ground measurements. F observations under oblique viewing angles showed up to 67 % difference compared to nadir observations, therefore, we suggest maintaining nadir viewing geometry for continuous measurements of F and vegetation indices. Alternatively, a correction scheme should be developed and tested against multi-angular measurements to properly account for anisotropy of canopy F and PRI observations. The quantitative characterization of these effects in varying illumination geometries for different canopies that was performed in this study will also be useful for the validation of remote sensing F and PRI products at different spatial and temporal scales.