Re-examining politeness, face and the Japanese language

Japanese scholarship on Linguistic Politeness has contributed to a polarised view of politeness systems, whereby some languages are considered to conform to a strongly agentivistic paradigm while others conform predominantly to the pressure of external social norms. Japanese has been presented as a typical example of the latter, which invalidates Brown and Levinson's claims of the universality of politeness strategies. This paper re-examines the evidence presented to support this position and reassesses the Japanese scholars' contribution to the critique of the then predominant model of politeness. It argues that the principles regulating the use of honorific devices in Japanese are not substantially different from those of English, both being similarly strategic. On the other hand, it highlights crucial implications of the Japanese scholars' work which were not explored exhaustively: the critique of the pervasiveness of negative strategies, the universal importance of considerations of appropriateness and the key role of positive strategies. The paper concludes that politeness (as 'appropriateness') is better observed, even in Japanese, in the polite stances constituted by strategic use of polite devices rather than in unmediated polite meanings conveyed by the plethora of dedicated honorifics. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.