Substitution of pure fruit juice for fruit and sugar-sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic risk in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL: a prospective cohort study

Objective:Dietary guidelines on pure fruit juice differ between countries regarding the question whether pure fruit juice (without added sugars) is an acceptable substitute for fruit or should be avoided because of its comparable sugar content with that of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). We modelled whether substituting pure fruit juice for fruit or SSB was associated with cardiometabolic risk. Design:Prospective cohort study. Setting: Based on a validated FFQ at baseline, we calculated the relative contribution of pure fruit juice to total consumption of fruit and pure fruit juice ( pure fruit juice (g/day)/fruit + pure fruit juice (g/day)) and to total consumption of SSB and pure fruit juice (pure fruit juice (g/day)/SSBs + pure fruit juice (g/day)). In multivariate analyses (Cox regression), we assessed associations with incidence of type 2 diabetes, CVD, CHD and stroke after an average follow-up of 14.6 years. Participants: About 35 000 participants from the EPIC-NL study, aged 20-70 years at enrolment. Results: Substitution of pure fruit juice for SSB was associated with lower risk of all endpoints. For type 2 diabetes and CHD, for example, drinking 75-100 % (as compared with 0-<25 %) of total SSB + pure fruit juice as pure fruit juice showed hazard ratio (95 % CI) of 0.74 (95 % CI 0.64, 0.85) and 0.85 (95 % CI 0.76, 0.96), respectively. Substitution of pure fruit juice for fruit was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, CHD and stroke. Conclusions: Substituting pure fruit juice for SSB was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk, whereas substituting pure fruit juice for fruit was not associated with cardiometabolic risk.