Disability glare and nighttime driving performance among commercial drivers in Ghana

Objective: Glare caused by the headlights of on-coming vehicles risk safe driving at night. The study aimed to determine the relationship between glare exposure and nighttime driving performance among commercial drivers in Ghana. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved commercial drivers with complaints of nighttime driving difficulties (N = 80; mean age = 41.5 +/- 11.1 years). A questionnaire was used to investigate nighttime driving performance following glare exposure. We measured contrast sensitivity and visual acuity under photopic conditions. With an experimental setup in a mesopic setting. we measured visual acuity with and without glare exposure. The difference between the two mesopic visual acuities was quantified as disability glare index. With the same setup, photostress recovery time was also measured. Regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between nighttime driving performance score and the measures taken in both photopic and mesopic settings. Results: The average nighttime driving performance score was 47.8 +/- 17.5. Driving performance was negatively correlated with all variables (R = -0.87 to -0.30, all p < .01), except contrast sensitivity (R = 0.74, p < .01). A multiple linear regression showed that the model with all variables explained 83.8% of the variance, but only disability glare index was a significant predictor of nighttime driving performance following glare exposure (standardized B = -0.61, p < .01). Conclusion: Our results show that the change in mesopic visual acuities following glare can predict nighttime driving performance. This measure can be incorporated into the assessment of driving fitness by licensing departments to evaluate whether a person can drive safely at night amidst glare exposure.