Cellulose and Derivatives from Wood and Fibers as Renewable Sources of Raw-Materials

Cellulose is the most important biopolymer in Nature and is used in preparation of new compounds. Molecular structure of cellulose is a repeating unit of beta-D-glucopyranose molecules forming a linear chain that can have a crystallographic or an amorphous form. Cellulose is insoluble in water, but can dissolve in ionic liquids. Hemicelluloses are the second most abundant polysaccharides in Nature, in which xylan is one of the major constituents of this polymer. There are several sources of cellulose and hemicelluloses, but the most important source is wood. Typical chemical modifications are esterifications and etherifications of hydroxyl groups. TEMPO-mediated oxidation is a good method to promote oxidation of primary hydroxyl groups to aldehyde and carboxylic acids, selectively. Modified cellulose can be used in the pharmaceutical industry as a metal adsorbent. It is used in the preparation of cellulosic fibers and biocomposites such as nanofibrils and as biofuels.