Involvement of lycopene in the induction of tolerance to chilling injury in grapefruit

Grapefruit are among the more sensitive Citrus varieties likely to develop chilling injury (Cl) symptoms during postharvest storage at low temperatures. Comparative observations of the incidence of Cl in fruit of white Marsh (MSH) and red Star Ruby (SR) grapefruit during postharvest storage at 2 degrees C plus 7 days at 20 degrees C to simulate shelf-life revealed that (1) the former was consistently more sensitive to CI, developing cold damage uniformly throughout the whole rind surface, and (2) more strikingly, CI symptoms in fruit of SR grapefruit were restricted to the yellow areas of the rind and the red-colored zones were almost absent of cold damage. This tolerance to Cl in red flavedo was associated with high carotenoid (x2) and lycopene (x14) contents, as compared with yellow-colored flavedo. Absence of chilling damage in red areas of SR grapefruit rind was confirmed by cellular ultrastructure observations, in which these epidermal cells were intact, with a well-defined structure and compact vacuoles filled with content. Cells of yellow-colored tissue developing CI, were collapsed, with a contracted vacuole and shrinking organelles. To explore whether the tolerance to CI in red areas of grapefruit rind was due to an elevated lycopene concentration, chemical and environmental stimulation of this carotenoid was performed in fruit of both grapefruit varieties. Application of the inhibitor of the lycopene cyclase activity, CPTA (2-(4-chlorophenylthio) triethylamine hydrochloride) induced red coloration, increased lycopene accumulation (x32) and significantly delayed development of CI symptoms in the rind the CI-sensitive MSH. Bagging of SR grapefruit enhanced a homogenous red coloration and substantially induced lycopene accumulation (x75). Cl symptoms in bagged fruit were notably delayed and reduced, as compared with non-bagged yellow fruit, upon subsequent storage at 2 degrees C for up to 58 days and 7 days at 20 degrees C. Analysis of the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes (ACS1, ACS2 and ACO) revealed a significant induction in chilling-damaged tissue of both varieties that was almost absent in red chilling-tolerant tissue. Similarly, accumulation of transcripts of the ethylene receptors ETR1 and ETR3 were also associated with chilling damage, but a cold factor appears to also mediate the expression of these genes. Taken together, our results indicate that high lycopene concentration appears to be responsible for the induction of tolerance to chilling in the red-colored areas of the flavedo of grapefruit during postharvest storage at low temperatures. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.