Improving Groundwater Model in Regional Sedimentary Basin Using Hydraulic Gradients

Groundwater flow systems are strongly influenced by heterogeneity and anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity (K). Particularly in stratified clastic sedimentary aquifers, the vertical hydraulic gradient (dh/dz) is often very high, due to the low vertical hydraulic conductivity (K-v) or high anisotropy (K-h/K-v). However, data on the vertical hydraulic gradient to calibrate the anisotropy is seldom available. We investigated the relationship between the variable K-h/K-v and the dh/dz computed by a groundwater flow model to improve the regional parameterization using an extensive data base on 3D distribution of hydraulic head. Although it is commonly assumed that the value of K-h/K-v is 10, our values typically ranged between 10 and 10(5), because the maximum K-h/K-v was 10(5) in this regional basin. The simulations used MODFLOW-2000. We found that the high K-h/K-v contributed to high dh/dz, while identifying locations of potentially good vertical connectivity between the aquifer zones, where dh/dz is very low and difficult to measure sufficiently accurately. Sensitivity analysis of dh/dz to recharge and pumping from wells showed that recharge led to change in inflow of groundwater that led to head change, which in turn led to change in dh/dz. While, pumping contributed to aquifer outflow, as change in head drawdown around the influence zone, in turn changed dh/dz. Additionally, dh/dz in a shallower aquifer was more strongly affected by recharge and pumping.