Horizontal cone penetration testing

In order to find the relationship between the cone resistances measured in horizontally and vertically aligned cone penetration tests, a test series has been performed in a 2 m. diameter rigid wall calibration chamber using a 36 mm. cone. This calibration chamber contains an unsaturated uniform sand; which can be prepared at different densities. It is found that the horizontal cone resistance is higher than the vertical cone resistance at a given point, whilst the side friction is lower horizontally than vertically. A simple cavity expansion model is used to explain the ratio of horizontal over vertical cone resistance.