Planck early results. XXIII. The first all-sky survey of Galactic cold clumps

被引:73
作者
Ade, P. A. R. [71 ]
Aghanim, N. [48 ]
Arnaud, M. [59 ]
Ashdown, M. [5 ,57 ]
Aumont, J. [48 ]
Baccigalupi, C. [69 ]
Balbi, A. [29 ]
Banday, A. J. [1 ,8 ,65 ]
Barreiro, R. B. [54 ]
Bartlett, J. G. [4 ,55 ]
Battaner, E. [76 ]
Benabed, K. [49 ]
Benoit, A. [47 ]
Bernard, J. -P. [1 ,8 ]
Bersanelli, M. [26 ,42 ]
Bhatia, R. [6 ]
Bock, J. J. [55 ]
Bonaldi, A. [38 ]
Bond, J. R. [7 ]
Borrill, J. [64 ,72 ]
Bouchet, F. R. [49 ]
Boulanger, F. [48 ]
Bucher, M. [4 ]
Burigana, C. [41 ]
Cabella, P. [29 ]
Cantalupo, C. M. [64 ]
Cardoso, J. -F. [4 ,49 ,60 ,61 ]
Catalano, A. [4 ,58 ]
Cayon, L. [19 ]
Challinor, A. [9 ,51 ,57 ]
Chamballu, A. [45 ]
Chary, R. -R. [46 ]
Chiang, L. -Y [50 ]
Christensen, P. R. [30 ]
Clements, D. L. [45 ]
Colombi, S. [49 ]
Couchot, F. [63 ]
Coulais, A. [58 ]
Crill, B. P. [55 ]
Cuttaia, F. [41 ]
Danese, L. [69 ]
Davies, R. D. [56 ]
Davis, R. J. [56 ]
de Bernardis, P. [25 ]
de Gasperis, G. [29 ]
de Rosa, A. [41 ]
de Zotti, G. [38 ,69 ]
Delabrouille, J. [4 ]
Delouis, J. -M. [49 ]
Desert, F. -X. [44 ]
机构
[1] Univ Toulouse, UPS OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France
[2] Aalto Univ, Metsahovi Radio Observ, Kylmala 02540, Finland
[3] ESRIN, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Sci Data Ctr, Frascati, Italy
[4] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UMR7164, Paris, France
[5] Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England
[6] ALMA Santiago Cent Off, Santiago, Chile
[7] Univ Toronto, CITA, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
[8] IRAP, CNRS, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France
[9] Univ Cambridge, DAMTP, Ctr Math Sci, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England
[10] CEA Saclay, DSM Irfu SPP, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
[11] Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, Copenhagen, Denmark
[12] Univ Laval, Dept Phys Genie Phys & Opt, Quebec City, PQ, Canada
[13] Univ Oviedo, Dept Fis, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain
[14] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON, Canada
[15] Tokyo Gakugei Univ, Dept Astron & Earth Sci, Tokyo 1848501, Japan
[16] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
[17] Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[18] Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
[19] Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
[20] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[21] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA
[22] Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
[23] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL USA
[24] Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy
[25] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy
[26] Univ Milan, Dipartimento Fis, Milan, Italy
[27] Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, Trieste, Italy
[28] Univ Ferrara, Dipartimento Fis, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
[29] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento Fis, I-00173 Rome, Italy
[30] Niels Bohr Inst, Discovery Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
[31] Univ La Laguna, Dpto Astrofis, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain
[32] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Astron, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
[33] ESO Vitacura, European So Observ, Santiago, Chile
[34] Planck Sci Off, European Space Agcy, ESAC, Madrid, Spain
[35] ESTEC, European Space Agcy, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
[36] Aalto Univ, Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, Helsinki, Finland
[37] Osserv Astrofis Catania, INAF, I-95125 Catania, Italy
[38] Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, Padua, Italy
[39] Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
[40] Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy
[41] IASF Bologna, INAF, Bologna, Italy
[42] IASF Milano, INAF, Milan, Italy
[43] Univ Paris 11, INRIA, Rech Informat Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France
[44] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, IPAG, INSU,UMR 5274, F-38041 Grenoble, France
[45] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2AZ, England
[46] CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[47] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Inst Neel, Grenoble, France
[48] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, UMR8617, F-91405 Orsay, France
[49] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Paris, UMR7095, Paris, France
[50] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 115, Taiwan
关键词
ISM: clouds; stars: formation; dust; extinction; submillimetre: ISM; ISM: general; catalogs; INFRARED DARK CLOUDS; PRE-LAUNCH STATUS; LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD; TELESCOPE BLAST 2005; C2D LEGACY CLOUDS; STAR-FORMATION; MOLECULAR CLOUDS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; CONTINUUM EMISSION;
D O I
10.1051/0004-6361/201116472
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
We present the statistical properties of the Cold Clump Catalogue of Planck Objects (C3PO), the first all-sky catalogue of cold objects, in terms of their spatial distribution, dust temperature, distance, mass, and morphology. We have combined Planck and IRAS data to extract 10 342 cold sources that stand out against a warmer environment. The sources are distributed over the whole sky, including in the Galactic plane, despite the confusion, and up to high latitudes (>30 degrees). We find a strong spatial correlation of these sources with ancillary data tracing Galactic molecular structures and infrared dark clouds where the latter have been catalogued. These cold clumps are not isolated but clustered in groups. Dust temperature and emissivity spectral index values are derived from their spectral energy distributions using both Planck and IRAS data. The temperatures range from 7K to 19K, with a distribution peaking around 13K. The data are inconsistent with a constant value of the associated spectral index beta over the whole temperature range: beta varies from 1.4 to 2.8, with a mean value around 2.1. Distances are obtained for approximately one third of the objects. Most of the detections lie within 2 kpc of the Sun, but more distant sources are also detected, out to 7 kpc. The mass estimates inferred from dust emission range from 0.4 M-circle dot to 2.4 x 10(5) M-circle dot. Their physical properties show that these cold sources trace a broad range of objects, from low-mass dense cores to giant molecular clouds, hence the "cold clump" terminology. This first statistical analysis of the C3PO reveals at least two colder populations of special interest with temperatures in the range 7 to 12K: cores that mostly lie close to the Sun; and massive cold clumps located in the inner Galaxy. We also describe the statistics of the early cold core (ECC) sample that is a subset of the C3PO, containing only the 915 most reliable detections. The ECC is delivered as a part of the Planck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue (ERCSC).
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