The long noncoding RNA TUG1 is required for TGF-β/TWIST1/EMT-mediated metastasis in colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, and metastasis is the major cause of CRC-related mortality. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has a central role not only in the regulation of the normal colon but also in the development and metastasis of CRC. However, TGF-beta is not considered an ideal therapeutic target because it shows both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic activity, depending on the tumor stage. Therefore, it is important to find a downstream signaling component of TGF-beta that can be targeted to impair CRC metastasis. Here, we show that TGF-beta promotes CRC migration and upregulates the expression of long-noncoding RNA Taurine Upregulated Gene 1 (TUG1). TUG1 knockdown inhibited migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CRC cells in vitro, and reduced CRC lung metastasis in vivo. TGF-beta induced metastasis, and TUG1 knockdown inhibited these effects. In addition, TGF-beta could not reverse the anti-metastasis effects of TUG1 knockdown. These data demonstrate that TUG1 is a downstream molecular of TGF-beta. Moreover, TWIST1 expression was increased with TGF-beta treatment, and TUG1 knockdown decreased TWIST1 expression in CRC cells. TWIST1 knockdown inhibited invasion and EMT in CRC cells; these effects were not changed by simultaneous TUG1 knockdown, indicating that TWIST1 is a downstream mediator of TUG1. Moreover, TUG1 was significantly overexpressed in CRC patients. In conclusion, TGF-beta promotes metastasis of CRC via a TUG1/TWIST1/EMT signaling pathway. TUG1 may be a promising drug target to inhibit TGF-beta pathway activation in the treatment of CRC.