Seed dormancy in Campanulaceae: morphological and morphophysiological dormancy in six species of Hawaiian lobelioids

We determined the requirements for dormancy break/germination and kind of dormancy in seeds of the Hawaiian lobelioids Cyanea kunthiana, Delissea rhytidoperma, Lobelia grayana, L. hypoleuca, Trematolobelia grandifolia, and T. singularis. Fresh seeds were incubated in light/dark at 15/6, 20/10, and 25/15 degrees C, and germination monitored at two-week intervals for 14 weeks. For each species, the mean embryo length (E): seed (S) length ratio was determined for freshly matured seeds and for seeds at the time the seed coat split but before radicle emergence (germination). The embryo in seeds of all six species incubated at 25/15 degrees C grew inside the seed prior to germination (42%-148% increase in E:S ratio, depending on species). Seeds of L. grayana and L. hypoleuca have morphological dormancy (MD); they germinated to 82%-98% at the three temperature regimes in 4 weeks. Seeds of the other species have nondeep simple morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) and require >4 weeks for maximum germination to occur. Our results add to the growing body of knowledge about the kind (class) of seed dormancy in Campanulaceae, which suggests that seeds of members of this family have either MD or MPD and embryos grow at warm (>= 15 degrees C) temperatures.