Procyanidin B2 Promotes Skeletal Slow-Twitch Myofiber Gene Expression through the AMPK Signaling Pathway in C2C12 Myotubes

Dimer procyanidin B2 [epicatechin-(4 beta-8)-epicatechin] (PB2) has attracted a lot of interest in nutrition and medicine because of its significant health-promoting abilities. However, the function of PB2 on different types of skeletal myofiber is still unclear. Here, we have found that PB2 significantly increased protein expression of the slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and decreased fast MyHC protein in C2C12 myotubes, accompanied by upregulation of mRNA expression of MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and Tnni1 and downregulation of MyHC IIx and MyHC IIb. We have also found that PB2 enhanced the activities of malate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase and reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity. PB2 promoted phosphorylation of AMPK and significantly increased mRNA expression of AMPK alpha 1. The upstream factors of AMPK, such as phospho-LKB1, NRF1, and CaMKK beta, and the downstream factors of AMPK, including Sirt1 and PGC-1 alpha, were also increased by PB2. Specific suppression of AMPK signaling by AMPK alpha 1 siRNA or by AMPK inhibitor compound C significantly attenuated the PB2-induced upregulation of phospho-AMPK, PGC-1 alpha, and slow MyHC and downregulation of fast MyHC. Our findings suggested that PB2 promotes skeletal slow-twitch myofiber gene expression through the AMPK signaling pathway in C2C12 myotubes.