Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies

被引:17
|
作者
Al-Saadi, Mohammed [1 ,2 ]
Patkowski, Bartosz [3 ]
Zaremba, Maciej [4 ]
Karwat, Agnieszka [3 ]
Pol, Mateusz [4 ]
Chelchowski, Lukasz [3 ,5 ]
Van Mierlo, Joeri [1 ,2 ]
Berecibar, Maitane [1 ]
机构
[1] Vrije Univ Brussel, MOBI Res Grp, Pl Laan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
[2] Flanders Make, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
[3] Solaris Bus Coach Sp Zoo, Obornicka 46, PL-62005 Owinska, Poland
[4] Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacji Miejskiej Spolka Z O, 9 Krakowska St, PL-43600 Jaworzno, Poland
[5] AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Mech Engn & Robot, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland
基金
欧盟地平线“2020”;
关键词
electric vehicles; e-bus fleet; fast charging; slow charging; smart charging; Li-ion batteries; battery management system; operational loads; operational cost; total cost of ownership (TCO); power grid; DSO;
D O I
10.3390/su131910639
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize CO2 emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet.
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收藏
页数:35
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