Ordered Subsets-Constrained ART Algorithm for Ionospheric Tomography by Combining VTEC Data

Computerized ionospheric tomography is an important technique for ionosphere investigation. However, it is an ill-posed problem owing to an insufficient amount of available data, because of which the distributions of ionospheric electron density (IED) cannot be reconstructed accurately. In light of this, the ordered subsets -constrained algebraic reconstruction technique (OS_CART) is developed here using vertical total electron content (VTEC) data to solve this problem, where the VTEC derived from the slant total electron content (STEC) of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal paths is used to compensate for the lack of data provided by GASS observations in inversion regions, and the OS_CART is also used to improve the spatial resolution and inversion efficiency. The proposed method was validated by conducting numerical experiments using GNSS and independent ionosonde data in both quiescent and disturbed ionospheric conditions. In contrast to classical methods of ionospheric tomography, the proposed method exhibited significantly higher reconstruction accuracy. While delivering a comparable accuracy to that of traditional methods in terms of self-consistency validation using STEC data and without overfitting, the proposed method yielded a more than 90% improvement over the self-consistency validation using VTEC data. In addition, a better daily description of the ionosphere was obtained using the proposed method, where an increase in the peak height and irregular changes to the IED, associated with variations in the number of epochs and the occurrence of magnetic storms, were observed. Overall, the results reveal that the proposed method is a useful tool for research on space weather.