Modeling insect resistance to insecticides using velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) as an example

Evolution of insect resistance to insecticides, using the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) as an example, was evaluated with the help of a computer simulation model. The effects of the following factors were studied: mortality rate, dominance and initial frequency of the resistant gene, migration rate, reproductive disadvantage and action level. According to results of the model, mortality rate, genetic dominance and frequency, and insect migration were the most critical factors involved with the rate of evolution of insect resistance to insecticides. Mortality rate can be directly managed, and migration indirectly through preservation of refugia, as part of a program of resistance management, which should include insecticides with different modes of action on the insect, and at minimum efficient rates. (C) 1998 SCI.