Is it useful to view the brain as a secondary sexual characteristic?

被引：30

作者：

Ball, Gregory F. ^{[1
]}

Balthazart, Jacques ^{[2
]}

McCarthy, Margaret M. ^{[3
]}

机构：

[1] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

[2] Univ Liege, GIGA Neurosci, B-4000 Liege, Belgium

[3] Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA

来源：

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS | 2014年 / 46卷

关键词：

Sex differences; Sexual differentiation; Sexual selection; Female competition; Organizing effects of steroids; Sexually differentiated gene expression; SONG-CONTROL-SYSTEM; GENE-EXPRESSION; MATERNAL-CARE; INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; AUDITORY FOREBRAIN; SOCIAL COMPETITION; DIMORPHIC NUCLEUS; HORMONAL-CONTROL;

D O I：

10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.009

中图分类号：

B84 [心理学]; C [社会科学总论]; Q98 [人类学];

学科分类号：

03 ; 0303 ; 030303 ; 04 ; 0402 ;

摘要：

Many sex differences in brain and behavior related to reproduction are thought to have evolved based on sexual selection involving direct competition for mates during male-male competition and female choice. Therefore, certain aspects of brain circuitry can be viewed as secondary sexual characteristics. The study of proximate causes reveals that sex differences in the brain of mammals and birds reflect organizational and activational effects of sex steroids as articulated by Young and collaborators. However, sex differences in brain and behavior have been identified in the cognitive domain with no obvious link to reproduction. Recent views of sexual selection advocate for a broader view of how intra-sexual selection might occur including such examples as competition within female populations for resources that facilitate access to mates rather than mating competition per se. Sex differences can also come about for other reasons than sexual selection and recent work on neuroendocrine mechanisms has identified a plethora of ways that the brain can develop in a sex specific manner. Identifying the brain as sexually selected requires careful hypothesis testing so that one can link a sex-biased aspect of a neural trait to a behavior that provides an advantage in a competitive mating situation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：628 / 638

页数：11

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