Human lactation: oxidation and maternal transfer of dietary 13C-labelled -linolenic acid into human milk

The origin of fatty acids in milk has not been elucidated in detail. We investigated the contribution of dietary -linolenic acid (ALA) to human milk fat, its oxidation and endogenous conversion to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ten lactating women were given C-13-ALA orally, and breath and milk samples were collected for a five-day period, while dietary intakes were assessed. 37.5 +/- 2.7% (M +/- SE) of the tracer was recovered in breath-CO2, and 7.3 +/- 1.1% was directly transferred into milk. About 0.25% of the tracer was found in milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Combining intake and milk data, we estimate that about 65% of milk ALA is directly derived from maternal diet. Thus, the major portion of milk ALA is directly derived from the diet, but dietary ALA does not seem to contribute much as a precursor to milk n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids within the studied time period.