Socialization and identity transformation of Black Immigrant youth in the United States

The purpose of this article is to synthesize the relevant research literatures in order to conceptualize Black immigrant students' socialization and identity transformation, thereby finding more effective ways to work with this group. Providing Asian immigrant students as a comparison group, this article identifies and analyzes the commonalities and intra-/intergroup variations in vulnerabilities, strengths, and resources within youth, family, and immigrant communities. The authors advocate three additive approaches (understanding identity needs, bridging the divisions between Black immigrants and Black Americans,