Factors controlling arsenic contamination and potential remediation measures in soil-plant systems

Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring metalloid which has been recognized as a Class-1 carcinogen by the International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC). The metalloid finds its way into the food chain through natural and anthropogenic processes. Human activities especially farming practices is a major contributor of As buildup in agricultural soils. Arsenic taken-up by the plant roots negatively affect plant productivity by disturbing various metabolic processes such as Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation and enzyme activation in plants. Managing As contaminated water reduces the health risks associated with As-contaminated food. The purpose of this review is to focus on the information regarding the metalloid build-up especially in the soil-plant system and ground water consider the various approaches investigated to decrease its contents and consequences on the human food chain. A critical review of the literature suggests that the contamination of the human food chain can be controlled through careful selection and application of water purification techniques with other agronomic practices.