Electrical conductivity of dry and hydrous NaAlSi3O8 glasses and liquids at high pressures

We report the first study of electrical conductivities of silicate melts at very high pressures (up to 10 GPa) and temperatures (up to 2,173 K). Impedance spectroscopy was applied to dry and hydrous albite (NaAlSi3O8) glasses and liquids (with 0.02-5.7 wt% H2O) at 473-1,773 K and 0.9-1.8 GPa in a piston-cylinder apparatus, using a coaxial cylindrical setup. Measurements were also taken at 473-2,173 K and 6-10 GPa in two multianvil presses, using simple plate geometry. The electrical conductivity of albite melts is found to increase with temperature and water content but to decrease with pressure. However, at 6 GPa, conductivity increases rapidly with temperature above 1,773 K, so that at temperatures beyond 2,200 K, conductivity may actually increase with pressure. Moreover, the effect of water in enhancing conductivity appears to be more pronounced at 6 GPa than at 1.8 GPa. These observations suggest that smaller fractions of partial melt than previously assumed may be sufficient to explain anomalously high conductivities, such as in the asthenosphere. For dry melt at 1.8 GPa, the activation energy at T > 1,073 K is higher than that at T < 1,073 K, and the inflection point coincides with the rheological glass transition. Upon heating at 6-10 GPa, dry albite glass often shows a conductivity depression starting from similar to 1,173 K (due to crystallization), followed by rapid conductivity enhancement when temperature approaches the albite liquidus. For hydrous melts at 0.9-1.8 GPa, the activation energies for conductivity at a parts per thousand yen1,373 K are lower than those at < 973 K, with a complex transition pattern in between. Electrical conductivity and previously reported Na diffusivity in albite melt are consistent with the Nernst-Einstein relation, suggesting the dominance of Na transport for electrical conduction in albite melts.