Review of Studies Concerning Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Assessment in Europe: Low Frequency Fields (50 Hz-100 kHz)

被引:75
作者
Gajsek, Peter [1 ]
Ravazzani, Paolo [2 ]
Grellier, James [3 ,4 ]
Samaras, Theodoros [4 ]
Bakos, Jozsef [5 ]
Thuroczy, Gyorgy [5 ]
机构
[1] Inst Nonionizing Radiat INIS, Pohorskega Bataljona 215, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
[2] CNR, IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy
[3] Univ Exeter, Royal Cornwall Hosp, ECEHH, Sch Med,Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, Cornwall, England
[4] Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Parc Recerca Biomed Barcelona,Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
[5] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Phys, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
关键词
electromagnetic fields; exposure assessment; exposimetry; ELF magnetic fields; intermediate frequencies (IF); ELF MAGNETIC-FIELDS; TRANSFORMER STATIONS; APARTMENT BUILDINGS; PREDICTORS; RESIDENCES; APPLIANCES;
D O I
10.3390/ijerph13090875
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
We aimed to review the findings of exposure assessment studies done in European countries on the exposure of the general public to low frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) of various frequencies. The study shows that outdoor average extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) in public areas in urban environments range between 0.05 and 0.2 mu T in terms of flux densities, but stronger values (of the order of a few mu T) may occur directly beneath high-voltage power lines, at the walls of transformer buildings, and at the boundary fences of substations. In the indoor environment, high values have been measured close to several domestic appliances (up to the mT range), some of which are held close to the body, e.g., hair dryers, electric shavers. Common sources of exposure to intermediate frequencies (IF) include induction cookers, compact fluorescent lamps, inductive charging systems for electric cars and security or anti-theft devices. No systematic measurement surveys or personal exposimetry data for the IF range have been carried out and only a few reports on measurements of EMFs around such devices are mentioned. According to the available European exposure assessment studies, three population exposure categories were classified by the authors regarding the possible future risk analysis. This classification should be considered a crucial advancement for exposure assessment, which is a mandatory step in any future health risk assessment of EMFs exposure.
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页数:14
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