Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: The Emergence of a Highly Stable and Efficient Architecture

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have experienced a rapid development during the past decade. For regular PSCs, device efficiency has reached already a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5%. Inverted PSCs have been attracting increasing attention owing to their easy fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and suppressed hysteresis characteristics. A maximum PCE of 23.72% for these types of devices is already achieved and some recent progresses in their performance suggest that inverted PSCs are still far from being fully optimized. Great opportunities for reaching simultaneously high stability and efficiency are forecast. Within this work, the most recent developments concerning solar device structure, fabrication of perovskite films, hole and electron transport materials, and electrode contacts in inverted PSCs are overviewed. This work also focuses on stability issues, fabrication methods for large-area inverted PSCs, encapsulation techniques, economic assessment, and environmental opportunities for hastening inverted PSCs for commercialization.