Effectiveness of screening endoscopy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Japanese males

Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a poor prognosis; therefore, early detection is essential. In Japan, more than 90% of esophageal cancers are ESCC. Endoscopy is effective to detect ESCC in the early stage, but there is a limited number of reports examining its efficacy and effectiveness. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of screening endoscopy for detecting ESCC. Methods This retrospective study analyzed the prevalence of ESCC, annual transition of prevalence, and the stage of each ESCC among 128,520 medical check-up patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy from April 2015 to March 2020 at Yamanashi Koseiren Health Care Center. Furthermore, a case-control study utilized the multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factor of ESCC. Results Among a total of 128,520 subjects, 42 ESCC patients were detected, with 95.2% being diagnosed at early stages. Annual prevalence in males was 0.015% (2/13,122) in 2015, 0.044% (6/13,562) in 2016, 0.044% (6/13,676) in 2017, 0.074% (10/13,488) in 2018%, and 0.11% (16/14,386) in 2019. ESCC prevalence has been increasing each year. A significant increase was observed between 2015 and 2018 (p = 0.039). ESCC prevalence was 0.102% (25/24,272) when focusing on males aged over 50 years with a history of smoking and drinking. Regarding the case-control study, the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed smoking (p = 0.044), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (p = 0.0018), and severe gastric atrophy (p = 0.048) as positively correlated with ESCC. Conclusion In conclusion, ESCC has been increasing in our center from 2015 to 2019, and the prevalence has been approaching that of gastric cancer in 2019 in male subjects. ESCC can be detected efficiently by targeting males with high MCV who have a history of drinking and smoking.