Ground-penetrating radar data diffraction focusing without a velocity model

Ground-penetrating Radar (GPR) sections commonly suffer from strong scattered energy and weak reflectors with distorted lateral continuity. This is mainly due to the gradual variation of moisture with depth, dense lateral sampling of common-offset GPR traces (which are considered as zero-offset data), along with the small wavelength of the electromagnetic waves that is comparable to the size of the shallow subsurface dielectric heterogeneities. Focusing of the diffractions requires efficient migration that, in the presence of highly heterogeneous subsurface formations, can be improved by a detailed migration velocity model. Such a velocity model is difficult to develop because the common-offset antenna array is mostly used for its reduced time and cost in the data acquisition and processing stages. In such cases, migration processes are based on limited information from velocity analysis of clear diffractions, cores, or other ground truth knowledge, often leading to insufficient imaging. We have developed a methodology to obtain GPR sections with focused diffractions that is based on multipath summation, using weighted stacking (summation) of constant-velocity migrated sections over a predefined velocity range. The success of this method depends on the assignment of an appropriate weight, for each constant-velocity migrated section to contribute to the final stack, and the optimal width of the velocity range used. Additionally, we develop a postmultipath summation processing step, which consists of time-varying spectral whitening, to deal with the decrease of the dominant frequency due to attenuation effects and the additional degraded resolution expected by the constant migration summed images. This imaging strategy leads to GPR sections with sufficiently focused diffractions, enhancing the lateral and the temporal resolution, without the need to explicitly build a migration velocity model.