Measuring research performance during a changing relationship between science and society

This article analyses the emergence of problem-oriented, so-called Mode 2 research as a supplement to disciplinary-oriented Mode I research. Developments in research are compared with research policy developments, focusing on the use of performance indicator tools from new public management. Two examples from Denmark and the UK describe how this thinking has gained ground in the overall management of the allocation of basic funds for university research. Based on the analysis of examples and research policy developments, the article argues that existing indicators are lagging behind and need to be updated as they do not adequately reflect the politically desired Mode 2 features of the public research system. Consequently, there is a need to develop and implement new Mode 2 indicators for measuring and managing public research. In conclusion, the article suggests possible new indicators of Mode 2-oriented research. These indicators need to be further developed and can be seen as an agenda for further research.