Disruption of mitochondrial functions involving mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening caused by maleic acid in rat kidney

Propionic acid (PA) predominantly accumulates in tissues and biological fluids of patients affected by propionic acidemia that may manifest chronic renal failure along development. High urinary excretion of maleic acid (MA) has also been described. Considering that the underlying mechanisms of renal dysfunction in this disorder are poorly known, the present work investigated the effects of PA and MA (1-5 mM) on mitochondrial functions and cellular viability in rat kidney and cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential ( increment psi m), NAD(P)H content, swelling and ATP production were measured in rat kidney mitochondrial preparations supported by glutamate or glutamate plus malate, in the presence or absence of Ca2+. MTT reduction and propidium iodide (PI) incorporation were also determined in intact renal cells pre-incubated with MA or PA for 24 h. MA decreased Delta psi m and NAD(P)H content and induced swelling in Ca2+-loaded mitochondria either respiring with glutamate or glutamate plus malate. Noteworthy, these alterations were fully prevented by cyclosporin A plus ADP, suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). MA also markedly inhibited ATP synthesis in kidney mitochondria using the same substrates, implying a strong bioenergetics impairment. In contrast, PA only caused milder changes in these parameters. Finally, MA decreased MTT reduction and increased PI incorporation in intact HEK-293 cells, indicating a possible association between mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in an intact cell system. It is therefore presumed that the MA-induced disruption of mitochondrial functions involving mPT pore opening may be involved in the chronic renal failure occurring in propionic acidemia.