Advances in automated 3-D image analysis of cell populations imaged by confocal microscopy

Automated three-dimensional (3-D) image analysis methods are presented for rapid and effective analysis of populations of fluorescently labelled cells or nuclei in thick tissue sections that have been imaged three dimensionally using a confocal microscope, The methods presented here greatly improve upon our earlier work (Roysam et al,:J Microsc 173: 115-126, 1994), The principal advances reported ate: algorithms for efficient data pre-processing and adaptive segmentation, effective handling of image anisotropy, and fast 3-D morphological algorithms for separating overlapping or connected clusters utilizing image gradient information whenever available, A particular feature of this method is its ability to separate densely packed and connected clusters of cell nuclei, Some of the challenges overcome in this work include the efficient and effective handling of Imaging noise, anisotropy, and large variations in image parameters such as intensity, object size, and shape. The method is able to handle significant inter-cell, intra-cell, inter-image, and intra-image variations, Studies indicate that this method is rapid, robust, and adaptable, Examples were presented to illustrate the applicability of this approach to analysing images of nuclei from densely packed regions in thick sections of rat liver, and brain that were labelled with a fluorescent Schiff reagent. (C) 1996 Wiley-Llss, Inc.