Rapid sand filtration pretreatment for SWRO: Microbial maturation dynamics and filtration efficiency of organic matter

Rapid sand filtration (RSF) is used today as an effective pretreatment procedure to enhance water quality prior to reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in desalination plants. RSF in newly operated desalination facilities requires a maturation period of about three months before the feedwater may be filtered efficiently. To date the desalination industry RSF has regarded RSF mainly as a physical barrier effectively retaining particles larger than 0.35 mm. In this study we assessed the potential of the RSF as a biological filter by following the dynamics of bacterial colonization and metabolic activity within the filter bed and determining filtration efficiency in respect to particulate and dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll a and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP). Bacterial abundance and diversity were shown by DGGE and SEM analysis to increase gradually over a three month sampling period. Bacterial metabolic activity within the filter bed interstitial water increased erratically with time. With the outgrowth of a microbial population and biofilm development on the filter bed medium, significant removal of organic carbon from the source water was always observed. Our results indicate that current RSFs function as biofilters with moderate efficiency. Innovative design is needed to maximize the biofiltration potential of these filters. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.