Reference values for left and right ventricular trabeculation and non-compacted myocardium

Background: Since the differentiation between physiological and pathological trabeculation is challenging, we assessed its distribution in a reference population of selected healthy volunteers. Methods: We studied 117 subjects (58 males) stratified into age tertiles and by gender. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance images were acquired using a standard SSFP-sequence. Left and right ventricular (LV/RV) enddiastolic (EDV), end-systolic (ESV) and trabeculated volumes indexed to the body surface area as well as ejection fraction (EF) were quantified in short-axis views. The maximumnon-compacted-to-compacted (NC/C) ratio was measured in long-axis views. Results: The trabeculated volumes were significantly larger in men than in women and decreased with age. The correlation between both wasmoderate (r = 0.46; p < 0.001). LV trabeculated volume was positively associated with EDV and ESV (r = 0.74; r = 0.59; both p < 0.001) and negatively with EF (r = -0.27; p < 0.005). It was no independent predictor for EF. The maximum NC/C ratio was >2.3 in 46.2% and >2.5 in 37.6% of the subjects, which is regarded as abnormal in current literature. The fraction of subjects with a maximum NC/C ratio >2.3 and the mean maximum NC/C ratio differed significantly between gender but not between age groups. An increasing NC/C ratio was associated with a significant decrease in EF (r = -0.21; p b 0.05). Conclusion: A considerable amount of healthy volunteers fulfils the current diagnostic criteria of LV noncompaction with female subjects showing a higher fraction of false-positive results than males. LV trabeculated volume is more pronounced in young subjects and declines with age. The use of age-and gender-specific reference values as provided in this studymay facilitate the delineation of physiological and pathological findings. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.