Botulinum toxin: description of injection techniques and examination of controversies surrounding toxin diffusion

被引：46

作者：

Lim, E. C. -H. ^{[1
,2
]}

Seet, R. C. S. ^{[1
,2
]}

机构：

[1] Natl Univ Singapore, Sch Med, Singapore 117548, Singapore

[2] Natl Univ Singapore Hosp, Singapore 117548, Singapore

来源：

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA | 2008年 / 117卷 / 02期

关键词：

botulinum toxin; electrical stimulation; electromyography; diffusion; localization; accurate;

D O I：

10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00931.x

中图分类号：

R74 [神经病学与精神病学];

学科分类号：

摘要：

The benefits derived from botulinum toxin (BTX) injections may be negated by unintentional weakness of adjacent uninjected muscles. Such weakness may be the result of inaccurate targeting, or diffusion of BTX to surrounding muscles. Several techniques, using electromyographic, endoscopic or imaging guidance are purported to increase the accuracy of targeting. Diffusion of BTX is thought to be influenced by factors such as dose, concentration, injectate volume, number of injections, site and rate of injection, needle gauge, muscle size, muscular fascia, distance of needle tip from the neuromuscular junction, and protein content of the BTX formulation. This article describes techniques that aim to increase the accuracy of BTX injections and examines the controversies surrounding diffusion of BTX following injection.

引用

页码：73 / 84

页数：12

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