Is the association of serum sodium with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes explained by copeptin or NT-proBNP? (ZODIAC-46)

Background and aims: Hyponatremia has been associated with an increased mortality risk in the general population. Diabetes is a condition predisposing for elevated levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and heart failure, both common causes of hyponatremia. These factors, however, are also associated with an increased mortality risk. We aimed to investigate whether serum sodium is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes and whether these associations could be explained by copeptin, a surrogate for AVP, or NT-proBNP, a marker for heart failure. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes participating in the observational ZODIAC study were included. Cox regression analyses were used to investigate the association of serum sodium with mortality. Results: We included 1068 patients (age 67 +/- 12 years, 45% male, serum sodium 142 +/- 3 mmol/L). After 15 years of follow-up, 519 patients (49%) died, with 225 cardiovascular deaths (21%). In univariable analyses, serum sodium, copeptin, and NT-proBNP were all significantly associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. These associations remained significant after combination of these markers in a multivariable model. Serum sodium and NT-proBNP remained significantly associated with mortality after further adjustment for potential confounders, whereas copeptin lost significance after adjustment for SCr and ACR. Conclusion: Low serum sodium was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes. Moreover, these associations were not explained by copeptin and NT-proBNP. Whether low serum sodium itself leads to poor outcome or is a marker for (unidentified) comorbidity severity or use of specific medications remains to be elucidated. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.