Sampling high to extremely high Hg concentrations at the Cerco de Almadenejos, Almaden mining district (Spain): The old metallurgical precinct (1794 to 1861 AD) and surrounding areas

The Cerco de Almadenejos (CDA) is an old metallurgical site located in the province of Ciudad Real (Spain) that operated between 1794 and 1861. The metallurgical precinct was built for the roasting of the Almaden and Almadenejos cinnabar ore to extract Hg metal. A previous pilot geochemical study of soils at the CDA had already shown extremely high concentrations of Hg. To analyze the extent and intensity of contamination, we planned and executed a geochemical survey to cover the CDA and the surrounding areas. The survey covered soils, air, and plants. The planning involved the design of two sampling grids in order to obtain a comprehensive picture of potential environmental hazards in the area: 1) a detailed sampling grid centred on the metallurgical precinct (n=16 samples; area=3.6 x 10(4) m(2)): and 2) a less detailed sampling grid planned to determine the extension of contamination beyond the metallurgical site (n=35 samples; area=1.2 x 10(6) m(2)). After variogram modelization of geochemical data, the kriging plots showed that contamination, even if centred at the precinct, extends beyond the site, with Hg concentrations of up to 2200 times those of uncontaminated soils (world baseline). The detailed study of the soils from the precinct shows an extremely high mean concentration of 4220 mu g Hg g(-1) (4.2 x 10(5) times baseline concentration). In turn, these highly polluted soils induce strong emissions of Hg(g), with concentrations of up to 970 ng Hg m(-3). The study of the edible wild asparagus Asparagus acutifolius shows extremely high concentrations of mercury in roots (0.6-443 mu g g(-1)) and stems (0.3-140 mu g g(-1)). The data indicate that the study area constitute a hot spot of contamination and is a potential health/environmental hazard for the inhabitants of Almadenejos, livestock, and wild life, that requires immediate action via remediation procedures. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.