The size of the underground economy in Germany: a correction of the record and new evidence from the modified-cash-deposit-ratio approach

Based on the Ahumada et al. (Rev Income Wealth 53(2):363-371, 2007) critique we revise existing estimates of the size of the German underground economy. Among other things, it turns out that most of these estimates are untenable and that the tax pressure induced size of the German underground economy may be much lower than previously thought. To this extent, German policy and law makers have been misguided during the last three decades. Therefore, we introduce the Modified-Cash-Deposit-Ratio approach, which is not subject to the recent critique and apply it to Germany for the period 1960-2008.