Restoring monarch butterfly habitat in the Midwestern US: 'all hands on deck'

被引：133

作者：

Thogmartin, Wayne E. ^{[1
]}

Lopez-Hoffman, Laura ^{[2
,3
]}

Rohweder, Jason ^{[1
]}

Diffendorfer, Jay ^{[4
]}

Drum, Ryan ^{[5
]}

Semmens, Darius ^{[6
]}

Black, Scott ^{[7
]}

Caldwell, Iris ^{[8
]}

Cotter, Donita ^{[9
]}

Drobney, Pauline ^{[10
]}

Jackson, Laura L. ^{[11
]}

Gale, Michael ^{[10
]}

Helmers, Doug ^{[12
]}

Hilburger, Steve ^{[13
]}

Howard, Elizabeth ^{[14
]}

Oberhauser, Karen ^{[15
]}

Pleasants, John ^{[16
]}

Semmens, Brice ^{[17
]}

Taylor, Orley ^{[18
]}

Ward, Patrick ^{[19
]}

Weltzin, Jake F. ^{[20
,21
]}

Wiederholt, Ruscena ^{[22
]}

机构：

[1] US Geol Survey, Upper Midwest Environm Sci Ctr, 2630 Fanta Reed Rd, La Crosse, WI 54603 USA

[2] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[3] Udall Ctr Studies Publ Policy, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[4] US Geol Survey, Geosci & Environm Change Sci Ctr, Denver Fed Ctr, Bldg 25,Room 1719,MS 980, Denver, CO USA

[5] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Midwest Reg, 5600 Amer Blvd W,Suite 990, Bloomington, MN 55437 USA

[6] US Geol Survey, Geosci & Environm Change Sci Ctr, POB 25046,MS 980, Denver, CO 80225 USA

[7] Xerces Soc Invertebrate Conservat, 628 NE Broadway,Suite 200, Portland, OR 97232 USA

[8] Univ Illinois, Energy Resources Ctr, Chicago, IL 60607 USA

[9] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Refuge Syst, Div Nat Resources & Conservat Planning, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041 USA

[10] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Div Biol Resources R3, Neal Smith Natl Wildlife Refuge, POB 399,9981 Pacific Ave, Prairie City, IA 50228 USA

[11] Univ Northern Iowa, Tallgrass Prairie Ctr, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 USA

[12] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Iowa Private Lands Off, POB 399,9981 Pacific St, Prairie City, IA 50228 USA

[13] US Geol Survey, Ecosyst Miss Area, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr,Mail Stop 301, Reston, VA 20192 USA

[14] Journey North, 19130 Highland Ave, Wayzata, MN 55391 USA

[15] Univ Minnesota, Dept Fisheries Wildlife & Conservat Biol, 135 Skok Hall,2003 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA

[16] Iowa State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Ames, IA 50014 USA

[17] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[18] Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 7005 Haworth Hall,1200 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA

[19] US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Refuge Syst, Inventory & Monitoring, 1201 Oakridge Dr Suite 320, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA

[20] US Geol Survey, Status & Trends Program, 1311 East 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[21] USA Natl Phenol Network, USA NPN Natl Coordinating Off, 1311 East 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[22] Univ Arizona, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

来源：

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS | 2017年 / 12卷 / 07期

关键词：

agriculture; Asclepias syriaca; conservation design; Danaus plexippus; glyphosate; milkweed; strategic habitat conservation; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; POPULATION; CONSERVATION; AGRICULTURE; DECLINE; PROGRAMS; RECOVERY; EASTERN; MODEL; CYCLE;

D O I：

10.1088/1748-9326/aa7637

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

The eastern migratory population of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) has declined by >80% within the last two decades. One possible cause of this decline is the loss of >= 1.3 billion stems of milkweed (Asclepias spp.), which monarchs require for reproduction. In an effort to restore monarchs to a population goal established by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and adopted by Mexico, Canada, and the US, we developed scenarios for amending the Midwestern US landscape with milkweed. Scenarios for milkweed restoration were developed for protected area grasslands, Conservation Reserve Program land, powerline, rail and roadside rights of way, urban/suburban lands, and land in agricultural production. Agricultural land was further divided into productive and marginal cropland. We elicited expert opinion as to the biological potential (in stems per acre) for lands in these individual sectors to support milkweed restoration and the likely adoption (probability) of management practices necessary for affecting restoration. Sixteen of 218 scenarios we developed for restoring milkweed to the Midwestern US were at levels (>1.3 billion new stems) necessary to reach the monarch population goal. One of these scenarios would convert all marginal agriculture to conserved status. The other 15 scenarios converted half of marginal agriculture (730 million stems), with remaining stems contributed by other societal sectors. Scenarios without substantive agricultural participation were insufficient for attaining the population goal. Agricultural lands are essential to reaching restoration targets because they occupy 77% of all potential monarch habitat. Barring fundamental changes to policy, innovative application of economic tools such as habitat exchanges may provide sufficient resources to tip the balance of the agro-ecological landscape toward a setting conducive to both robust agricultural production and reduced imperilment of the migratory monarch butterfly.

引用

页数：10

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