Concentrations of water vapour entering the tropical lower stratosphere are primarily determined by conditions that air parcels encounter as they are transported through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Here we quantify the relative roles of variations in TTL temperatures and transport in determining seasonal and interannual variations of stratospheric water vapour. Following previous studies, we use trajectory calculations with the water vapour concentration set by the Lagrangian dry point (LDP) along trajectories. To assess the separate roles of transport and temperatures, the LDP calculations are modified by replacing either the winds or the temperatures with those from different years to investigate the wind or temperature sensitivity of water vapour to interannual variations and, correspondingly, with those from different months to investigate the wind or temperature sensitivity to seasonal variations. Both ERA-Interim reanalysis data for the 1999-2009 period and data generated by a chemistry-climate model (UM-UKCA) are investigated. Variations in temperatures, rather than transport, dominate interannual variability, typically explaining more than 70% of variability, including individual events such as the 2000 stratospheric water vapour drop. Similarly seasonal variation of temperatures, rather than transport, is shown to be the dominant driver of the annual cycle in lower stratospheric water vapour concentrations in both the model and reanalysis, but it is also shown that seasonal variation of transport plays an important role in reducing the seasonal cycle maximum (reducing the annual range by about 30 %). The quantitative role in dehydration of sub-seasonal and sub-monthly Eulerian temperature variability is also examined by using time-filtered temperature fields in the trajectory calculations. Sub-monthly temperature variability reduces annual mean water vapour concentrations by 40% in the reanalysis calculation and 30% in the model calculation. As with other aspects of dehydration, simple Eulerian measures of variability are not sufficient to quantify the implications for dehydration, and the Lagrangian sampling of the variability must be taken into account. These results indicate that, whilst capturing seasonal and interannual variation of temperature is a major factor in modelling realistic strato-spheric water vapour concentrations, simulation of seasonal variation of transport and of sub-seasonal and sub-monthly temperature variability are also important and cannot be ignored.
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Davis, Sean M.
;
Rosenlof, Karen H.
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h-index: 0
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Rosenlof, Karen H.
;
Hassler, Birgit
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Hassler, Birgit
;
Hurst, Dale F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Hurst, Dale F.
;
Read, William G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Read, William G.
;
Vomel, Holger
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Vomel, Holger
;
Selkirk, Henry
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA
Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Selkirk, Henry
;
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机构:
Fujiwara, Masatomo
;
Damadeo, Robert
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
机构:
European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, EnglandEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Dee, D. P.
;
Uppala, S. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Uppala, S. M.
;
Simmons, A. J.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Simmons, A. J.
;
Berrisford, P.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Berrisford, P.
;
Poli, P.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Poli, P.
;
Kobayashi, S.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, JapanEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Kobayashi, S.
;
Andrae, U.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, S-60176 Norrkoping, SwedenEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Andrae, U.
;
Balmaseda, M. A.
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h-index: 0
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Balmaseda, M. A.
;
Balsamo, G.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Balsamo, G.
;
Bauer, P.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bauer, P.
;
Bechtold, P.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bechtold, P.
;
Beljaars, A. C. M.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Beljaars, A. C. M.
;
van de Berg, L.
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h-index: 0
机构:
European Org Exploitat Meteorol Satellites, Darmstadt, GermanyEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
van de Berg, L.
;
Bidlot, J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bidlot, J.
;
Bormann, N.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bormann, N.
;
Delsol, C.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Delsol, C.
;
Dragani, R.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Dragani, R.
;
Fuentes, M.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Fuentes, M.
;
Geer, A. J.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Geer, A. J.
;
Haimberger, L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Vienna, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, A-1010 Vienna, AustriaEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Haimberger, L.
;
Healy, S. B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Healy, S. B.
;
Hersbach, H.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Hersbach, H.
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Holm, E. V.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Holm, E. V.
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Isaksen, L.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Isaksen, L.
;
Kallberg, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, S-60176 Norrkoping, SwedenEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Kallberg, P.
;
Koehler, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Koehler, M.
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Matricardi, M.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Matricardi, M.
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McNally, A. P.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
McNally, A. P.
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Monge-Sanz, B. M.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, EnglandEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Monge-Sanz, B. M.
;
Morcrette, J. -J.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Morcrette, J. -J.
;
Park, B. -K.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Korea Meteorol Adm, Seoul, South KoreaEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Park, B. -K.
;
Peubey, C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Peubey, C.
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de Rosnay, P.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
de Rosnay, P.
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Tavolato, C.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Vienna, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, A-1010 Vienna, AustriaEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Tavolato, C.
;
Thepaut, J. -N.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Thepaut, J. -N.
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Vitart, F.
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h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Davis, Sean M.
;
Rosenlof, Karen H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Rosenlof, Karen H.
;
Hassler, Birgit
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Hassler, Birgit
;
Hurst, Dale F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Hurst, Dale F.
;
Read, William G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Read, William G.
;
Vomel, Holger
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Vomel, Holger
;
Selkirk, Henry
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA
Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Selkirk, Henry
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Fujiwara, Masatomo
;
Damadeo, Robert
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USANOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
机构:
European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, EnglandEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Dee, D. P.
;
Uppala, S. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Uppala, S. M.
;
Simmons, A. J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Simmons, A. J.
;
Berrisford, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Berrisford, P.
;
Poli, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Poli, P.
;
Kobayashi, S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, JapanEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Kobayashi, S.
;
Andrae, U.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, S-60176 Norrkoping, SwedenEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Andrae, U.
;
Balmaseda, M. A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Balmaseda, M. A.
;
Balsamo, G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Balsamo, G.
;
Bauer, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bauer, P.
;
Bechtold, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bechtold, P.
;
Beljaars, A. C. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Beljaars, A. C. M.
;
van de Berg, L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
European Org Exploitat Meteorol Satellites, Darmstadt, GermanyEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
van de Berg, L.
;
Bidlot, J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bidlot, J.
;
Bormann, N.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Bormann, N.
;
Delsol, C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Delsol, C.
;
Dragani, R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Dragani, R.
;
Fuentes, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Fuentes, M.
;
Geer, A. J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Geer, A. J.
;
Haimberger, L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Vienna, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, A-1010 Vienna, AustriaEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Haimberger, L.
;
Healy, S. B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Healy, S. B.
;
Hersbach, H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Hersbach, H.
;
Holm, E. V.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Holm, E. V.
;
Isaksen, L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Isaksen, L.
;
Kallberg, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, S-60176 Norrkoping, SwedenEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Kallberg, P.
;
Koehler, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Koehler, M.
;
Matricardi, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Matricardi, M.
;
McNally, A. P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
McNally, A. P.
;
Monge-Sanz, B. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, EnglandEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Monge-Sanz, B. M.
;
Morcrette, J. -J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Morcrette, J. -J.
;
Park, B. -K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Korea Meteorol Adm, Seoul, South KoreaEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Park, B. -K.
;
Peubey, C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Peubey, C.
;
de Rosnay, P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
de Rosnay, P.
;
Tavolato, C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Vienna, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, A-1010 Vienna, AustriaEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Tavolato, C.
;
Thepaut, J. -N.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England
Thepaut, J. -N.
;
Vitart, F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England