Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/cyclo-oxygenase-2 pathway associated with attenuation of intestinal mucosa inflammatory damage by Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets

Intestinal barrier inflammatory damage is commonly accompanied by hypoxia. The hypothesis that dietary Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides (ASPS) might modulate the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) signalling pathway and contribute to attenuate intestinal injury was tested in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged piglets. Thirty-six weaned pigs were randomly allocated to one of the following three groups: (1) basal diet + saline challenge; (2) basal diet + LPS challenge; (3) basal diet with 800 mg/kg ASPS + LPS challenge. LPS was injected at 15, 18 and 21 d, and intestinal sections were sampled following blood collection at 21 d . The results showed ASPS reversed (P < 0 center dot 05) LPS-induced decrease in average daily feed intake and rise (P < 0 center dot 05) of diarrhoea incidence and index. Biochemical index reflecting gut barrier damage and function involving ileal pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta) and enzyme activity (diamine oxidase and lactase), as well as circulatory d-xylose, was normalised (P < 0 center dot 05) in LPS-challenged piglets receiving ASPS. ASPS also ameliorated intestinal morphological deterioration of LPS-challenged piglets, proved by elevated ileal villus height (P < 0 center dot 05) and improved appearance of epithelial villus and tight junction ultrastructure. Moreover, ASPS prevented LPS-induced amplification of inflammatory mediators, achieved by depressed ileal mRNA abundance of TNF-alpha, inducible NO synthase and IL-1 beta concentration. Importantly, ileal protein expressions of HIF-1 alpha, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and NF kappa B p65 were also suppressed with ASPS administration (P < 0 center dot 05). Collectively, these results suggest the improvement of mucosal inflammatory damage and diarrhoea in immune stress piglets is possibly associated with a novel finding where HIF-1 alpha/COX-2 pathway down-regulation is involved in NF kappa B p65-inducible releasing of inflammatory cytokines by dietary ASPS.