Impact of concentration and dilution of three macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents on MRI signal intensity at 1.5T and 3T and different pulse sequences: results of a phantom study in human plasma

Background Many factors influence the increase in signal intensity (SI) provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast media. Purpose To assess the impact of different gadolinium concentrations and dilutions of three macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) on SI. Material and Methods This phantom study investigated gadobutrol, gadoteridol, and gadoterate in human plasma of a healthy donor pool at 37 degrees C. Different molar concentrations served to mimic conditions typically relevant for steady-state imaging; different dilutions served to mimic influence on first-pass bolus imaging. For SI measurement at 1.5T and 3T, we used two Magnetom Scanners (Siemens), applying the T1-weighted sequences Flash 2D/3D and VIBE. Regions of interest were placed on the central slice of the test vials. Results In the concentration series, gadobutrol showed the highest SI of all three GBCAs up to 2 mM, followed by gadoteridol and gadoterate. No major differences were seen between 1.5T and 3T. In the dilution series, gadobutrol showed the highest SI of all three GBCAs up to 10 mL/L. The highest effect was recorded with Flash 3D and VIBE at 3T. Conclusion SIs measured in phantoms using three macrocyclic GBCAs strongly depend on their relaxivity and on the local concentration. The latter can be influenced-when comparing dilutions-by their initial concentration in their formulation. Furthermore, the pulse sequences and the chosen parameters have essential influence. At steady-state concentrations (<= 2 mM) and first-pass bolus dilutions (up to 10 ml/L), gadobutrol showed highest SIs, followed by gadoterate and gadoteridol.