Effects of immune checkpoint blockade on antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells for use in adoptive cellular therapy

Adoptive T-cell therapies have been successfully used as prophylaxis or treatment for immunocompromised patients at risk of viral infections or advanced cancers. Unfortunately, for some refractory cancers, they have failed. To overcome this, checkpoint inhibitors are used to rescue immune antitumor responses. We hypothesized that in vitro checkpoint blockade during T-cell stimulation and expansion with messenger RNA (mRNA)-pulsed DCs may enhance the activity of antigen-specific T cells and improve the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy platforms. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive donors to generate DCs. These were pulsed with CMV matrix phosphoprotein 65 (CMVpp65)-mRNA to educate T cells in coculture for 15 days. Three checkpoint blockade conditions were evaluated (anti-PD1, anti-Tim3, and anti-PD1 + Tim3). IL-2 and antibodies blockades were added every 3 days. Immunophenotyping was performed on Day 0 and Day 15. Polyfunctional antigen-specific responses were evaluated upon rechallenge with CMVpp65 peptides. CMVpp65-activated CD8(+) T cells upregulate Lag3 and Tim3 (P <= 0.0001). Tim3 antibody blockade alone or in combination led to a significant upregulation of Lag3 expression on CD8(+) pp65Tetramer(+) central memory, effector memory, and terminal effector memory cells re-expressing RA (TEMRA) T cells. This latter T-cell subset uniquely maintains double-positive Tim3/Lag3 expression after checkpoint blockade. By contrast, PD1 blockade had minimal effects on Tim3 or Lag3 expression. In addition, IFN-gamma secretion was reduced in T cells treated with Tim3 blockade in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.004). In this study, we have identified a potential activating component of Tim3 and linkage between Tim3 and Lag3 signaling upon blocking the Tim3 axis during T-cell-antigen-presenting cell interactions that should be considered when targeting immune checkpoints for clinical use.