Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: To evaluate the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on survival and complication rates in adults with refractory cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. Design: Meta-analysis. Setting: University hospitals. Participants: One thousand one hundred ninety-nine patients from 22 observational studies. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Observational studies published from the year 2000 onwards, examining at least 10 adult patients who received ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest were included. Pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated based on the Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation and DerSimonian-Laird random-effect model. Survival to discharge was 40.2% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 33.9-46.7), while survival at 3, 6, and 12 months was 55.9% (95% CI, 41.5-69.8), 47.6% (95% CI, 25.4-70.2), and 54.4% (95% CI, 36.6-71.7), respectively. Survival up to 30 days was higher in cardiogenic shock patients (52.5%, 95% CI, 43.7%-61.2%) compared to cardiac arrest (36.2%, 95% CI, 23.1%-50.4%). Concurrently, complication rates were particularly substantial for neurologic deficits (13.3%, 95% CI, 8.3-19.3), infection (25.1%, 95% CI, 15.9-35.5), and renal impairment (47.4%, 95% CI, 30.2-64.9). Significant heterogeneity was detected, although its levels were similar to previous meta-analyses that only examined short-term survival to discharge. Conclusions: Venoarterial ECMO can improve short-term survival in adults with refractory cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. It also may provide favorable long-term survival at up to 3 years postdischarge. However, ECMO also is associated with significant complication rates, which must be incorporated into the risk-benefit analysis when considering treatment. These findings require confirmation by large, adequately controlled and standardized trials with long-term follow-up. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.