Discreet collection of spot check observations to measure household hygiene conditions is a common measurement technique in epidemiologic studies of hygiene in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to determine whether the collection of spot check observations in longitudinal studies could itself induce reactivity (i.e., change participant behavior). We analyzed data from a 12-month prospective cohort study in rural Tamil Nadu, India that was conducted in the absence of any hygiene or toilet promotion activities. Our data included hygiene and toilet spot checks from 10,427 household visits. We found substantial evidence of participant reactivity to spot check observations of hygiene practices that were easy to modify on short notice. For example, soap observed at the household's primary handwashing location increased from 49% at enrollment to 81% by the fourth visit and remained at or above 77% for the remainder of the study.
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Arnold, Benjamin F.
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Khush, Ranjiv S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Aquaya Inst, San Francisco, CA 94129 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Khush, Ranjiv S.
;
Ramaswamy, Padmavathi
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Ramaswamy, Padmavathi
;
London, Alicia G.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Aquaya Inst, San Francisco, CA 94129 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
London, Alicia G.
;
Rajkumar, Paramasivan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Rajkumar, Paramasivan
;
Ramaprabha, Prabhakar
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Ramaprabha, Prabhakar
;
Durairaj, Natesan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Durairaj, Natesan
;
Hubbard, Alan E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Hubbard, Alan E.
;
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
;
Colford, John M., Jr.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
机构:
Bill & Melinda Gates Fdn, Seattle, WA 98102 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Zwane, Alix Peterson
;
Zinman, Jonathan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Dartmouth Coll, Dept Econ, Hanover, NH 03755 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Zinman, Jonathan
;
Van Dusen, Eric
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Van Dusen, Eric
;
Pariente, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Catholic Univ Louvain, B-1348 Louvain, BelgiumInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Pariente, William
;
Null, Clair
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Null, Clair
;
Miguel, Edward
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Miguel, Edward
;
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Kremer, Michael
;
Karlan, Dean S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Karlan, Dean S.
;
Hornbeck, Richard
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Hornbeck, Richard
;
Gine, Xavier
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Gine, Xavier
;
Duflo, Esther
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
MIT, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Duflo, Esther
;
Devoto, Florencia
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Devoto, Florencia
;
Crepon, Bruno
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Ctr Rech Econ & Stat, F-92245 Malakoff, FranceInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Crepon, Bruno
;
Banerjee, Abhijit
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
MIT, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Arnold, Benjamin F.
;
Khush, Ranjiv S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Aquaya Inst, San Francisco, CA 94129 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Khush, Ranjiv S.
;
Ramaswamy, Padmavathi
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Ramaswamy, Padmavathi
;
London, Alicia G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Aquaya Inst, San Francisco, CA 94129 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
London, Alicia G.
;
Rajkumar, Paramasivan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Rajkumar, Paramasivan
;
Ramaprabha, Prabhakar
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Ramaprabha, Prabhakar
;
Durairaj, Natesan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Durairaj, Natesan
;
Hubbard, Alan E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Hubbard, Alan E.
;
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Sri Ramachandra Med Coll & Res Inst, Dept Environm & Hlth Engn, Madras 600116, Tamil Nadu, IndiaUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
;
Colford, John M., Jr.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
机构:
Bill & Melinda Gates Fdn, Seattle, WA 98102 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Zwane, Alix Peterson
;
Zinman, Jonathan
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Dartmouth Coll, Dept Econ, Hanover, NH 03755 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Zinman, Jonathan
;
Van Dusen, Eric
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Van Dusen, Eric
;
Pariente, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Catholic Univ Louvain, B-1348 Louvain, BelgiumInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Pariente, William
;
Null, Clair
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Null, Clair
;
Miguel, Edward
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Miguel, Edward
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Kremer, Michael
;
Karlan, Dean S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Karlan, Dean S.
;
Hornbeck, Richard
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Hornbeck, Richard
;
Gine, Xavier
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Gine, Xavier
;
Duflo, Esther
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
MIT, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Duflo, Esther
;
Devoto, Florencia
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Devoto, Florencia
;
Crepon, Bruno
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
Ctr Rech Econ & Stat, F-92245 Malakoff, FranceInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Crepon, Bruno
;
Banerjee, Abhijit
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Innovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
Jameel Poverty Act Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
MIT, Dept Econ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USAInnovat Poverty Act, New Haven, CT 06510 USA