Role of Bisphenol A in Autophagy Modulation: Understanding the Molecular Concepts and Therapeutic Options

Bisphenol A (4,4 '-isopropylidenediphenol) is an organic compound commonly used in plastic bottles, packaging containers, beverages, and resin industry. The adverse effects of bisphenol A in various systems of the body have been studied. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process that leads to the regeneration of new cells. The role of bisphenol A in autophagy modulation involved in the pathogenesis of diseases is still debatable. A few research studies have shown bisphenol A-induced adverse effects to be associated with autophagy dysregulation, while a few have shown the activation of autophagy to be mediated by bisphenol A. Such contrasting views make the subject more interesting and debatable. In the present review, we discuss the different steps of autophagy, genes involved, and the effect of autophagy modulation by bisphenol A on different systems of the body. We also discuss the methods for monitoring autophagy and the roles of drugs, such as chloroquine, verteporfin, and rapamycin, in autophagy. A proper understanding of the role of bisphenol A in the modulation of autophagy may be important for future treatment and drug discovery.