Synthesis and potential applications of trimetallic nanostructures

The continuous growth and advancement of nanotechnology have introduced new and novel state-of-the-art multi-metallic nanostructures with well-defined morphologies and small particle size, together with high surface area, enhancing the transfer of electrons between the metal atoms. Nowadays, the combination of three metal elements in a core-shell, alloy, intermetallic, or other forms of nanostructures is under investigation. The synergistic combination of three metals in trimetallic nanostructures (TMNs) leads to extraordinary physicochemical properties, better performance, and better durability in various applications as compared to mono- and bimetallic nanostructures. The trimetallic nano-catalysts synthesized using chemical, physical, and biological methods in alloy and core-shell structures have shown promising performance in organic synthesis, environmental treatment and remediation, and health applications. Ternary systems have shown up to 100% yield, conversion, and selectivity in the catalysis of organic reactions. Similarly, 100% organic dye degradation has been recorded in a very short time. Furthermore, trimetallic nanostructures have shown excellent results in different diagnostic biomarker detections. In the present review, the synthesis strategies of TMNs are discussed using recent literature. The potential applications of TMNs in organic reactions, environmental remediation, and health-related applications are also reviewed. Finally, the conclusion and future prospects are highlighted.