Twist-grain boundary phase characterized by AFM technique

Twist grain boundary (TGB) phases represent liquid crystalline systems with a regular array of defects. In our research, we studied a compound with a stable TGBC phase and pursued its structure using various experimental techniques. Using AFM microscope, we observed the surface of the smectic film and detected a periodic relief. We found that the displacement amplitude is a few nanometres, with a periodicity of about 500 nm. Such periodicity is in accordance with the periodicity of the TGBC blocks' rotation estimated by polarising microscopy. The surface modulation is explained by the deformation of the TGBC structure, which is created on TGBC films. A simplified model interpreting the observed smectic surface displacement as the consequence of rotating TGBC blocks inside the sample is proposed. TGBC blocks deform differently depending on their orientation with respect to the force acting by the tip of the AFM microscope cantilever probing the smectic surface.