The participant roles of bullying in different grades: Prevalence and social status profiles

This study examined grade differences in the social status profiles and prevalence of bullying participant roles. Participants were 598 primary school students (grades 4-6). 545 students in the lower-grades of secondary school (grades 7-8), and 1491 students in the upper-grades of secondary school (grades 9-11). Students' participant roles, popularity. and social preference were measured with peer nominations. Bullies, assistants, and reinforcers (La. bullies/followers) were as popular as defenders in primary school, but more popular than defenders in secondary school. These differences depended on the gender of the reference group. Bullies/followers were more popular than defenders among other-gender peers in the lower-grades of secondary school but not among same-gender peers. In the upper-grades of secondary school, bullies/followers were more popular than defenders among all peers. Grade differences in social preference were small. The grade differences in popularity profiles of the roles were in line with grade differences in prevalence rates. Bully/follower roles were more common in secondary school than primary school among girls and the defender role was less common in secondary school among boys. This suggests that bully/follower roles are more rewarded with social status in secondary school than in primary school.