The effect of internal and external cryoprotectants on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

The study investigated the effects of internal (DMSO, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, methanol, N,N-dimethylacetamide) and external cryoprotectants (glucose, sucrose) on the viability and on morphometric parameters of zebrafish embryos. From the tested internal cryoprotectants, DMSO had the lowest toxicity, followed by 1,2-propanediol and glycerol. The external cryoprotectants were less toxic then the internal ones. Early ontogenetic stages were more sensible to cryoprotectant exposure than advanced stages. Two-step incubation procedures in increasing concentrations of internal and external cryoprotectants were superior to multiple-step exposure procedures. All tested vitrification solutions exceeded the tolerance limit of embryos. The tolerance of zebrafish embryos to cryoprotectants was highly variable in a concentration range causing approximately 50% embryo mortality. The width of the perivitelline space showed significant morphometrical changes due to cryoprotectant exposure. In the germinative tissue non-significant changes occurred. The yolk did not change morphometrically after exposure to internal cryoprotectants and showed no sign of dehydration after exposure to external cryoprotectants. Based on these results the study comes to the following conclusions: as yolk dehydration was impossible and as vitrification solutions were over the tolerance limit it seems unlikely that successful vitrification of zebrafish embryos can be achieved. Under these considerations slow freezing methods would be a better option as lower cryoprotectant concentrations can be used and. embryos can be dehydrated during freezing. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.