Global estimates of water-vapor-weighted mean temperature of the atmosphere for GPS applications

被引:151
作者
Wang, JH [1 ]
Zhang, LY [1 ]
Dai, A [1 ]
机构
[1] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, EOL, Boulder, CO 80307 USA
关键词
D O I
10.1029/2005JD006215
中图分类号
P4 [大气科学(气象学)];
学科分类号
0706 ; 070601 ;
摘要
Water-vapor-weighted atmospheric mean temperature, Tm, is a key parameter in the retrieval of atmospheric precipitable water (PW) from ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of zenith path delay (ZPD), as the accuracy of the GPS-derived PW is proportional to the accuracy of Tm. We compare and analyze global estimates of Tm from three different data sets from 1997 to 2002: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis, and the newly released Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) data set. Temperature and humidity profiles from both the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses produce reasonable Tm estimates compared with those from the IGRA soundings. The ERA-40, however, is a better option for global Tm estimation because of its better performance and its higher spatial resolution. Tm is found to increase from below 255 K in polar regions to 295-300 K in the tropics, with small longitudinal variations. Tm has an annual range of similar to 2-4 K in the tropics and 20-35 K over much of Eurasia and northern North America. The day-to-day Tm variations are 1-3 K over most low latitudes and 4-7 K (2-4 K) in winter (summer) Northern Hemispheric land areas. Diurnal variations of Tm are generally small, with mean-to-peak amplitudes less than 0.5 K over most oceans and 0.5-1.5 K over most land areas and a local time of maximum around 16-20 LST. The commonly used Tm-Ts relationship from Bevis et al. (1992) is evaluated using the ERA-40 data. Tm derived from this relationship (referred to as Tmb) has a cold bias in the tropics and subtropics (-1 similar to -6 K, largest in marine stratiform cloud regions) and a warm bias in the middle and high latitudes (2-5 K, largest over mountain regions). The random error in Tmb is much smaller than the bias. A serious problem in Tmb is its erroneous large diurnal cycle owing to diurnally invariant Tm-Ts relationship and large Ts diurnal variations, which could result in a spurious diurnal cycle in GPS-derived PW and cause 1-2% day-night biases in GPS-based PW.
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页码:1 / 17
页数:17
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