Early impact of smoking on lung function, health, and well-being in adolescents

Background Smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and more than 80% of adult smokers started smoking before the age of 20. The aim of our study was to evaluate the early impact of smoking on lung function, health, and well-being in adolescents. Methods Twenty-four non-smokers (10 male, 14 female, mean age 17.6 years) and 24 smokers (mean of 3.5 pack-years; 15 male, 9 female, mean age 17.8 years) were compared in terms of lung function, bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR), levels of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and blood counts. A questionnaire containing items from the ISAAC study was used to detect differences in health and well-being. Results There were no significant differences in lung function values between non-smokers and smokers (VC 95% vs. 103%, FEV1 106% vs. 116%, FEV1%/VC MAX 94.6% vs. 95.2%), whereas BHR significantly differed (P?<?0.05). Furthermore, significant differences were found for eCO, eNO, Hb, leukocytes, and neutrophils. Health and well-being in terms of sleep and physical activity were significantly worse in smokers. Conclusion Our results suggest an early impact of smoking on health after as few as 3.5 pack-years. Early signs of smoking are an increase in BHR, changes in blood count and a decrease of eNO even before changes in lung function become apparent. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:692699. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.