Brazilian monitoring programs for pesticide residues in food - Results from 2001 to 2010

A total of 13,556 samples of 22 fruit and vegetable crops, rice, and beans were analyzed within two Brazilian pesticide residue monitoring programs between 2001 and 2010. Pesticide residues were found in 48.3% of the samples, and 13.2% presented some irregularity, mostly non-authorized active ingredient use. Less than 3% of the samples had residue levels above the MRL Apple, papaya, sweet pepper and strawberry were the crops with the higher percentages of positive samples (about 80%). Dithiocarbamates and organophosphorus compounds were found in 41.6% and 30.8% of the samples, respectively. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were the pesticides most found (26.7 and 16.1% of positive samples, respectively). Almost half of the samples analyzed had multiple residues (up to 10 residues), with multiple residues most common in samples of apple, sweet pepper and tomato. About 8% of positive samples contained up to four residues of the same chemical class, mainly organophosphorus compounds (18.6%, mostly in apple) and triazoles (16.1%, mostly in papaya and grape). In general, the scenario of pesticide residues in foods investigated within the Brazilian governmental monitoring programs in the last decade is similar to what has been found in other countries. However, the use of non-authorized active ingredients is a common practice among the farmers in the country, a problem that the government authorities have been trying to solve. A preliminary cumulative acute exposure assessment for organophosphates and carbamates in apple has shown that the intake by individuals >= 10 years old accounts for 100% of the acephate ARfD, indicating a need to further investigate the exposure through the consumptions of other crops and group of pesticides, mainly for children. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.