Collaborative deep learning model for tooth segmentation and identification using panoramic radiographs

Panoramic radiographs are an integral part of effective dental treatment planning, supporting dentists in iden-tifying impacted teeth, infections, malignancies, and other dental issues. However, screening for anomalies solely based on a dentist's assessment may result in diagnostic inconsistency, posing difficulties in developing a suc-cessful treatment plan. Recent advancements in deep learning-based segmentation and object detection algo-rithms have enabled the provision of predictable and practical identification to assist in the evaluation of a patient's mineralized oral health, enabling dentists to construct a more successful treatment plan. However, there has been a lack of efforts to develop collaborative models that enhance learning performance by leveraging individual models. The article describes a novel technique for enabling collaborative learning by incorporating tooth segmentation and identification models created independently from panoramic radiographs. This collab-orative technique permits the aggregation of tooth segmentation and identification to produce enhanced results by recognizing and numbering existing teeth (up to 32 teeth). The experimental findings indicate that the proposed collaborative model is significantly more effective than individual learning models (e.g., 98.77% vs. 96% and 98.44% vs.91% for tooth segmentation and recognition, respectively). Additionally, our models outperform the state-of-the-art segmentation and identification research. We demonstrated the effectiveness of collaborative learning in detecting and segmenting teeth in a variety of complex situations, including healthy dentition, missing teeth, orthodontic treatment in progress, and dentition with dental implants.