Photodegradation of malachite green and malachite green carbinol under irradiation with different wavelength ranges

The dye malachite green (MG) is used worldwide as a fungicide in aquaculture. It is a toxic substance which in aqueous solutions is partly converted into its non-ionic colorless form (leucocarbinol). The equilibrium between these two forms is pH-dependent (pK = 6.9). To assess the photodegradation of MG under sunlight conditions, both species were irradiated separately in aqueous solutions with different pH values (4.0 and 12.0) using various ultraviolet and visible wavelength ranges (UV/VIS). A 700 W high-pressure mercury lamp with special filters was used. No artificial photooxidizers such as H(2)O(2) or TiO(2) were added. MG leucocarbinol proved to be much more sensitive to irradiation than the dye form. Quantum yields Phi were calculated for some wavelength ranges as follows: MG carbinol: Phi((280-312nm)) is 4.3 x 10(-3), Phi((313-410nm)) is 5.8 x 10(-3), and MG dye: Phi((280-312nm)) is 4.8 x 10(-5), Phi((313-365nm)) is 1.1 x 10(-5) and Phi((>365nm)) is 0, respectively. Therefore, the solar photolysis of MG is an important sink and primarily depends on the photodegradation of the colorless leucocarbinol. During the irradiation of MG leucocarbinol with wavelengths >365 nm, an intermediate was formed which has photocatalytical properties. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.